01b+Classroom+Management+with+ICT+Integration

For most teachers the term classroom management refers to the practical details that must be looked after if a pedagogic situation is going to actually run smoothly on a day to day basis. ICT has the potential to become a great and useful tool in the hands of skilled educators. Like any other tool it also has the potential to become a frustration and a burden if the teacher fails to learn how to use the tool correctly. All tools must be used well to realise their full potential, but they must also be managed well. Take a simple analogy - a skilled carpenter can use a plane to smooth and finish a rough piece of timber. However, if the plane is never sharpened or honed, if it is jarred against nails and generally mismanaged, then the tool will cease to be of use for that person. You know the saying ‘A skilled crafts-person never blames the tools’. Much the same with ICT. The skills of using the tools are dealt with in various other chapters. We want to take a short look at management of the tools. Much of classroom management is the common sense associated with dealing professionally with a subject. Most teachers probably know these practical ideas, but it always helps to see these things catalogued and noted. It is also simpler to add to a list of practical ideas once they have been started. Good classroom management is the actual implementation of as many of these practical objectives as possible, at any given time. Mismanagement will undoubtedly result in frustration and stress. There are three main areas to be dealt with concerning ICT and classroom management: The first two can be dealt with on very practical levels. The third can be very personalised and approaches will vary in accordance with the diverse skills, needs, objectives and experience of the teachers involved.
 * Hardware Management
 * Software Management
 * Classroom Management


 * Hardware Management: **

 How do you look after the tools of ICT so that this hardware (monitor, desktop or tower unit, keyboard, mouse etc.) will continue to be usable and useful. Good hardware management should include as many of the items from the checklist as possible.
 * Try not to place the computer in direct sunlight. (This is just as important from a user point of view as from good hardware management)
 * Tidy up the power cables and various input cables around the machinery. If the computer area begins to look like a spaghetti junction of wiring then sooner or later there will be some difficulty.
 * Do not overload the power sockets. Many schools were built with inadequate numbers of power points. Management should be advised to add extra power outlets to the rooms rather than dangerously overloading existing points.
 * Children’s safety should be an issue. Perhaps adjusting the power points, unplugging etc. should not be delegated to the children.
 * Consider attaching a multi-block extension to each computer table. (Some computer trolleys come with these attached and this is a great asset)
 * Power surge protectors should be added to each outlet. This gives some protection to the equipment from electrical mishaps.
 * Perhaps all machines should be unplugged at night, or at minimum sockets switched off. Some computer rooms have power breakers that control the supply to the room. Can this be switched off each evening.
 * Modems in particular are sensitive to lightning and where possible should be unplugged at night, weekends and holidays.
 * Think about the security issues of such valuable equipment. It may or may not be possible to store the hardware in a safe store.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A list of the security numbers or serial numbers on all the hardware should be kept.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider marking the hardware with some type of etching tool
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There are proprietary methods of locking equipment together, and locking equipment to the desks.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Valuable hardware should ideally have dust covers. Machines could be covered each evening and especially during holiday periods.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce the visibility of hardware. An old curtain or a piece of material as a throw over would be just as good. This type of cover could act as a minimal security as well as a dust cover.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moving machines from room to room can be a difficult one to manage. With the best will in the world, monitors will topple, input/output cables at the rear of the hardware can be damaged as doorways are negotiated. Door saddles can give a nasty jolt to sensitive equipment. Move hardware only where absolutely necessary.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Food and especially drinks should not be allowed near the hardware.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider keeping some of the boxes and packaging that the hardware came in – just in case something needs to be returned for repair.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This has more to do with the handling, storing & ordering of software, than the actual purchasing of software for the school. Software selection is dealt with in the area on Software Evaluation. The software in any school needs to be minded like any other resource material.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Software Management: **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Catalogue the software in the school. This should include a simple coding so that teachers can see at a glance what educational level the material is suitable for. The cataloging could be on three separate files relating to junior, middle or senior material. These indexes could easily be cross-compared to maintain a balance on the supply of software to any particular level of the school or of the curriculum.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Return CD Roms to their jewel cases, envelopes or filing cases. Children should be given responsibility for ordering and caring for the material they have used.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a method of cleaning CD Roms available. Greasy finger marks can render CDs unreadable until they have been cleaned. Heavy scratching on the silver surface of CDs can also cause problems. CDs should not be left lying around without cases, otherwise it is inevitable that they will get damaged.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CD Roms should be handled properly. This means that children should be taught to pick them up properly by the edges.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider giving each child their writable CD for storing word processing or other material on.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Set up folders on the hard drive for each class or each child. In some situations this might be the most useful method of storing work. Children would then be encouraged to save their material in a class file with a relevant file name, or in their own folder. Setting up a folder is dealt with in Phase 1.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Data Storage facilities for maintaining large amounts of data should be considered. A Zip or Jaz drive might be useful (See section on Basics of First Line Maintenance.)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a cross section of software types available. This means that varying teacher & pupil needs can be catered for. (A full list of the various software types can be found in the section on Software evaluation).

===//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There is a lot more to read so take a break and view this short video. //===

media type="youtube" key="kv2g8a3T45k" height="315" width="560"media type="custom" key="19285202" align="right"
//Please acknowledge the source of this video//


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Classroom Management: **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The general area of classroom management probably includes a number of elements. These may relate or cross reference with hardware and software management, but have a real influence on the actual success or failure of managing ICT. We need to examine a number of issues:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Time Management
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Planning
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Integration

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Among the attributes of effective teachers is time management. As professional educators you have become adept at restructuring timetables to incorporate new ideas and procedures. The use of computers is a cross-curricular activity. Thus, they should fit into an existing structure or be part of as many activities as possible. The questions arise: ‘What do I do with the rest of the class while I am at the computer with 2/3 pupils? ‘What use is one computer at the back of the room?’ This answer to these types of questions probably lies in the section on planning. There is, however, one question on time management that is more difficult to resolve: Should we have the computers in the classrooms or would it be better to have them all together in a computer room. In terms of time management it makes life much easier for the administrators to have a computer room as classes can be given allotted times to use the facility and larger numbers of children can have simultaneous hands on experience. Different situations will suit different locations, facilities, preferences, teaching styles and the needs of the children. If we are serious about the integration of ICT into the curriculum then the ideal of having both dedicated rooms and access to computers in the classrooms should be considered.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Time Management **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Planning** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Like any other part of the curriculum the ICT work must be structured and planned. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> This is the first stage, and is often the most important as it helps to determine the current level and guide the development of learning. It is where the teacher will create interest in the students. Planning <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">should be done in conjunction with school policy, the skill level of the teacher, the availability of suitable software and taking cognisance of pupil computer ratios. Here is a number of practical considerations that should be observed:-
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Children often work better in pairs or groups rather than individually. There are occasions where one computer/one child works best but be open to varying the situation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Position the computer in an area of the room that is visible to the teacher but with least class visibility. This cuts down on the distraction value of work in progress.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a cross section of software models available.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There are times when it is not a good idea to use the computer
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Limit the software base available to the children at any one time. Choice is fine but channel hopping with software will happen just as on the television. This often means that software packages are not given sufficient time to be useful educationally.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Develop rota systems for access and or ‘free time’ access to the computer. You should log the people accessing the computer and monitor those who are either overusing or under utilising the facility.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a clock near the computer so that children can monitor their own time at the equipment. This helps maintain the ‘fair play’ syndrome of ‘I didn’t get my turn yet Miss’
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ensure that the operating system that is used can support software that will manage or control computers in a computer lab e.g a beta Os (operating System) such as MEEGO or MAEMO might not have alot of software support such as MAC OS or Microsoft Windows
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a 2-4-piece headphone block available beside the computer to allow individuals or small groups operate in silence while the class may be engaged in other activities.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Engage the skills of the many children with computer experience to help teach other children about various applications.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have prepared instruction sheets for various lessons or activities.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As the teacher you should have experienced or simulated the exercises the children are being encouraged to undertake.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Take class lessons to initiate use of various software packages
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Alternatively take the children in small groups until you have gone through the class
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Perhaps just teach a small group and ask them to spread the message down through the class
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peer to peer learning can often be very effective
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite the considerable outlay, would a digital projector be a good investment for the school?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Develop away from computer activities related to a particular project.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Set up scoring charts for drill type software. This will help to monitor the progress of the children through an information retention exercise. More importantly it will help to monitor usage (Gender issues), (Overuse by abler children)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Order relevant computer magazines for the school – PC Live, Irish Computer, PC World, Computer Active, Technology in Education might be a few useful ones to start with.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Meet with colleagues using the same software. Support Networks (within the school, inter school and within Education centres) Professional peer support is one of the most important aspects of this new technology.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Be fully conversant with a software package before introducing it to the class. This runs from the very simple junior drill software (Play with it yourself before to hand it over to the children), to the more complex packages that may be used especially at the senior end of the school.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Allow projects to be completed over a specified time frame but be flexible.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Buy a paper-binding machine for the school. Printed projects, books, leaflets, poems, e-mails can then be presented in a professional way and retained in the school or elsewhere as a shared data resource.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Look around – see how many of the work places of today have usefully integrated computers to some extent. We must do the same in an educational context. ICT is a new tool of education and by integrating the technology across as broad a range of the curriculum as possible we as educators are broadening the horizons of possibility for our pupils. What therefore, does integration mean? Essentially it means that we use the software at our disposal to extend a broad range of skills in the children. The computer then is not only what the children learn about, it is what they learn through and perhaps with, even though part of the process may depend on computer usage. Children get access to multiple resources and multiple activities that will often demand collaboration. This collaborative approach will place demands on planning and teaching styles. There is a number of frameworks for technology integration. One recent presentation that is very practical is the NTeQ Model as proposed by Deborah L. Lowthar and Gary R. Morrison in 1998, as part of project SMART. This model sets a planning process for ICT lessons. This process has 10 stages: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This model could be applied to pieces of software that you are already familiar with such as ‘The Map Detective’ or ‘Tizzy’s Toybox’ so that using this software would be part of an integrated approach to ICT in the classrooms. A note on e-mail & WWW and Classroom Management
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Integration **
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Specify Objectives
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What Computer functions will be used
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Specify a problem to be solved
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Plan how to manipulate and organise the data to solve the problem
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How will the results be presented
 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Activities prior to using the computer
 * 7) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Activities while using the computer
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Activities after using the computer
 * 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Supporting activities (At any stage of the project)
 * 10) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Evaluation of the learning, the software, the process and the outcome.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Set up initial e-mail projects with local schools and colleagues.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Develop a sorting policy for e-mail. Make the children aware of this policy and get them to help monitor incoming mail.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have strategies for dealing with spurious mail/spam/unsavoury material on the WWW or in the e-mail.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Delete obviously unwanted material immediately
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If children accidentally come upon spurious material have them report it to you and then delete the material, or move from the web site immediately
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Do not allow children open e-mail attachments without consulting the teacher
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Do not allow students to download materials without consulting the teacher
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Only allow access to the WWW in supervised situations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Don’t give out any personal details like addresses, phone numbers etc.on e-mail messages.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Keep printed copy of interesting e-mails (use the binder to compile books of these)


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The management of software must raise the issue of copyright
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ensure that you have original software
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">You may need to purchase site licences or network agreement for the school
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under classroom management you may need to plan for your Management Information Systems (MIS)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Information or data that you store on computer about staff, pupils etc. should be secure
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Access should be limited to those needing to know by password or other methods
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under the Freedom of Information Act electronically stored data must be made available to recorded subjects
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">You must register electronic data with the relevant body (There is a fee)

Another lesson plan that integrates ICT and allow for effective classroom management is the ASSURE model.

//by Julie Chadd//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rules/ Behavior
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">It is well documented in that literature that the setting of class rules and procedures assists in and promotes efficiency in terms of classroom management. However, it may become necessary for the class teacher to set additional rules which govern the use of technology tools.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Sample rules could include:
 * Explain respecting others' work and privacy. Stay out of other people's folders or files.
 * Leave the settings on the computer as they are. Changing desktop settings creates confusion.
 * Do not download software to machines.
 * Treat the equipment with respect.
 * No drinks or snacks near the computers.
 * Move carefully when around the computers.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Post or explain consequences. There have been times when students lost the privilege of using the tools due to damage and theft. In this case, the assignment will still be required, but it will have to be completed on a home computer, or the old fashioned way - with paper and pencil.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Getting Help
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The easiest way to know when students need help is using a green and red object such as a plastic cup. Green means "I'm doing great!" and red means "I need help". These cups are simply kept near each computer and placed on the CPU as needed. Generally, the green cup is always up. (If you want you can use only the red cup when help is needed.) If help is needed, the student places the red cup on top of the computer. Either a Student Technology Specialist or the teacher will know, without class interruption, that someone needs help. Most of the time, the student can continue to work on something else until help arrives.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">ICT Equipment and Resource Management:
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Set up a central control body (ICT Department) to help keep all equipment and resources and loan them out to individual when demanded.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Establish a Standard Operating System Procedure (SOPs) with clear policies of use and for the loan of equipment to reduce hogging.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Assign subject departments to take charge of some equipment and deploy them based on demand.

Source of information?

**Managing resource consumption, resource demand and waste**
Managing demand and avoiding unnecessary consumption is an opportunity for school to control and reduce costs and improve environmental performance without compromising overall objectives. For instance, strategies to reduce paper and toner cartridge consumption are easily implemented and can deliver considerable savings. Additionally, consolidation and integration strategies can optimise equipment utilisation and total cost of ownership - such as server virtualisation and deploying multifunction devices. Other strategies include centralised laptop pooling, laptop docking stations and hot desking, which assists to minimise demand, consumption and cost. These strategies are most effective where supporting policies and procedures underpin the initiative. While mandatory environmental standards for e-waste will be relevant for new ICT procurement processes, there will also be a requirement to manage waste arising from pre-existing ICT equipment and consumables.
 * packaging (eg. pallets, paper, cardboard, plastic wrapping, polystyrene and other forms of packaging);
 * toner cartridges; and
 * office copy paper.